As a vital force within China's strategic emerging industries, private biotechnology enterprises play a crucial role in advancing technological innovation and economic development. At the same time, they face dual challenges arising from the industry's inherent characteristics—namely high investment, high risk, and long development cycles—and from deficiencies in internal governance mechanisms. From the perspective of corporate governance, this paper systematically examines the current conditions and core issues faced by private biotechnology enterprises in areas such as internal control, digital transformation, financing efficiency, cost management, capital control, and diversification strategies. The study finds that these enterprises commonly exhibit problems including imperfect governance structures, weak internal control environments, limited financing channels, significant talent attrition, lagging brand development, and the phenomenon of diversification discount. In response, this paper proposes a set of integrated optimization pathways, including improving ownership structure and corporate governance frameworks, strengthening internal control systems, advancing digital transformation, establishing lean cost management systems, broadening financing channels, and implementing moderate diversification strategies. The aim is to provide both theoretical reference and practical guidance for enhancing governance efficiency and operational management in private biotechnology enterprises.